Is eeprom flash memory. Also, an entire block of bytes must first be erased.

Is eeprom flash memory This kind of memory devices is re-programmable by the application of electrical voltage and can be addressed to write/read each specific memory location. May 11, 2022 · EEPROM and flash memory Flash memory is a special form of EEPROM. In computer systems as well as microcontrollers where a little amount of data is kept, EEPROM is frequently employed. EEPROM works by accessing the data byte-wise, whereas Flash memory accesses block by block. This means you can change the information stored in them. , more than 1,000,000 cycles. We will give particular emphasis on describing and understanding the basic operations of the different memory blocks on the Arduino, namely Flash Memory, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) and Static Random Access Memory (SRAM). This makes Flash memory is a solid-state chip that maintains stored data without any external power source. While both share similarities in terms of their ability to Dec 27, 2023 · As technology continues to advance, flash memory is likely to remain a crucial part of the digital landscape, enabling the storage and retrieval of data in a fast, reliable, and efficient manner. Flash Memory also has a much faster read and write speed than EEPROM Jul 23, 2025 · Flash memory is secondary memory and so it is not volatile which means it persists the data even if there is not an electrical supply provided. Microcontrollers usually contain volatile memory (RAM) and non-volatile memory (Flash and/or EEPROM). So I wonder why flash instead of EEPROM? Going through the datasheet, I figured out that the flash memory has the storage of 32 KB while EEPROM has 1 KB. Aug 7, 2019 · I am trying to understand the terminology used for various non-volatile memory chips for example as EEPROM and Flash. It supports EEPROM, FLASH and FRAM with 1. There are also more nuances such as NAND flash vs NOR flash, different memory bus technology and types of memory supported by you processor. Sep 5, 2025 · The function writes the assembled data block and information block to the current flash memory address and verifies the integrity of the written data. But Flash Memory can be erased multiple times and Jan 24, 2023 · Flash memory is a popular consumer standard today, ideal for saving all kinds of multimedia files intended for both long-term and short-term storage and retrieval. Nov 6, 2018 · One limitation with flash memory is the number of times you can write data to it. However, don't confuse EEPROM, which is often called E 2 PROM or simply E 2, with flash memory. It is used in computers, usually integrated in microcontrollers such as smart cards and remote keyless systems, or as a separate chip device, to store relatively small amounts of data by allowing individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed. NAND and NOR flash memory are two types. Learn how each memory type impacts speed, storage, and device performance. A typical EPROM has a Flash memory, also known as Flash, combines the advantages of ROM and RAM, not only with electronic erasable programmable (EEPROM) performance, but also without power loss data can be quickly read data (NVRAM advantage), u disk and MP3 used in this kind of memory. Thus, it is faster but more expensive at the same time. May 12, 2025 · Flash Memory Overview Flash memory is a type of non-volatile storage. Aug 2, 2013 · As your Arduino projects get more sophisticated, they tend to grow to the point where memory limitations can become a problem. read ()’ function in the ESP32 EEPROM library is used to retrieve a byte of data from a specified memory address in the flash memory. Computer memory that can retrieve stored data after a power supply has been turned off and back on is called non-volatile. It is one type of EEPROM or we can say that it is a subset of EEPROM. Jul 26, 2023 · Floating gate transistors were first used in erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) and later in electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). Apr 30, 2023 · To reduce cost, an external EEPROM can be replaced by on-chip Flash memory, provided that a specific software algorithm is used. This is different than RAM (e. Dec 29, 2023 · EEPROM is based on NOR-type memory, while the Flash memory is NAND type, making the EEPROM more costly than Flash memory. In the future, as technology continues to advance, competition in storage technology will become more intense. EEPROMs, however, are still used in applications that require only small amounts of storage, e. Flash memory is most commonly used in applications that require larger data storage, like USB drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and memory cards. Data in EEPROM can be erased and rewritten without removing the chip from the device and without the need for special light sources. e. EEPROM does not have this limitation - individual bytes can be arbitrarily Dec 6, 2024 · EEPROM was a replacement for PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) and EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) chips and is used for later computer's BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) that were built after 1994. An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. Can a microcontoller have two separate ROMs which can be programmed through EEPROM technology and Flash technology? Aug 10, 2023 · 2. EEPROM In embedded systems one often come across the terms Flash and EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory). 2. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) a. Flash EEPROM, often referred to simply as flash memory, is a variation of EEPROM that can erase and write data in blocks rather than individual bytes. Higher power consumption The speed and capacity of flash make it the typical choice for storing application code in a microcontroller, where slower memory would slow down code execution, less dense memory would take up valuable die space, and it's unlikely that the code will be updated so often that flash endurance becomes an issue. This flash memory works on the principle of EEPROM. Some families of the S12X series of microcontrollers (MCUs), such as the MC9S12XEP100, have an enhanced region labeled as EEPROM in the memory map. The reduction of the memory cell size and improvement in the reliability have been realized by several breakthroughs in the device technology; in particular, the reliability of the ETOX and NAND structure EEPROM will be discussed in detail. Is there any preference to use the word EEPROM or Flash for specific type of me EEPROM explained EEPROM or E2PROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is a type of non-volatile memory. What is Flash memory and how does it differ from EEPROM?Hello dear friends, Flash memory and EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) are both types of non-volatile memory, meaning they retain their data even when the power is turned off. It is commonly used in applications that require large amounts of data storage, such as USB drives, memory cards, and solid-state drives (SSDs). Nor Flash is suitable for scenarios that require large capacity and high-speed reading, while EEPROM performs well in cost-sensitive applications that require frequent writing. This article will give more in-depth information about ESP32 Flash memory and using the EEPROM library to read and write any data type to the ESP32 Flash memory. The choice depends on the application's specific requirements. Jul 23, 2025 · Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) is a type of non-volatile memory that allows data to be erased and reprogrammed electrically. It is an array of floating-gate transistors individually programmed by an electronic Feb 12, 2024 · The ECU typically has several types of memory to store various data and programs needed for its operations. k. Flash memory is widely used for storage and data transfer in consumer devices, enterprise systems and industrial applications. Feb 19, 2025 · Flash memory, on the other hand, is a type of EEPROM that works on a larger scale, storing data in blocks instead of individual bytes. May 1, 2015 · a) 16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory and b) 512 Bytes EEPROM. FLASH : Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks. Flash, which is also known as flash memory, combines the advantages of ROM and RAM with those of NVRAM in that it can read data quickly and is also electronically erasable and programmable (EEPROM). My question is, why does the EEPROM have a refresh guidance after 1 million write cycles (specifiation D124), whereas Flash memory, despite only having a cell endurance of 10,000 cycles (spec. Both are types of non-volatile memory, meaning they retain their data even when power is removed. The EEPROM memory devices have evolved from the old EPROM memories. NVM is important for storing your microcontroller’s code. What is computer memory? Computers are design and develop to perform various engineering, mathematical, educational and entertainment tasks with As of 2019, flash memory costs much less than byte-programmable EEPROM and has become the dominant memory type wherever a system required a significant amount of non-volatile solid-state storage. If you need to store constant data like lookup tables, you can use Flash with the PROGMEM directive. Jun 30, 2023 · Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory and flash are both non-volatile -- or persistent -- technologies. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM that is programmed and erased in large blocks. EEPROM: You can use it to store user-defined values like calibration data or device settings using the EEPROM library to store it permanently. Conclusion In conclusion, EEPROM and Flash are two varieties of non-volatile memory, each with special qualities and uses. While they serve similar purposes, their characteristics and applications vary significantly, impacting their use in various Jun 30, 2020 · EEPROM and Flash memory devices both store information used in embedded systems. On the other hand, flash uses NAND-type logic gates to store data, but it is comparatively less expensive and extensively used in storage devices like flash drives, SD cards, digital cameras, etc. Flash memory was developed from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory). However, it generally has slower write speeds compared to NAND flash memory, another flash type used commonly in SSDs and USB drives. For EPROM, you use a special light called UV light. Jun 25, 2019 · Flash Memory vs SSDs Flash memory is a type of EEPROM designed for high speed and memory density. Also, an entire block of bytes must first be erased. Apr 1, 2024 · A tutorial on Different Types of Memory on Arduino Boards. May 28, 2021 · Flash memory is a type of erasable read-only memory (EEPROM) that clears and rewrites data in chunks for fast, energy-efficient access and rewriting. Among the most commonly discussed types are EEPROM and Flash EEPROM. Apr 29, 2025 · Flash Memory is another type of non-volatile memory but is designed for higher density and faster access than EEPROM. a. Eeprom is ideal for applications that require small-scale read and write operations, individual byte-level erasure, and long-term data retention. Having a computer with an EEPROM allows the user to update the computer's BIOS without opening the computer or removing any chips. This region does not contain conventional EEPROM, but has flash and RAM components that can be managed by the enhanced flash module (FTM) in a unique manner, allowing the emulation of EEPROM. Compared with EEPROM, Flash Memory has a much larger capacity, ranging from a few megabytes to hundreds of gigabytes, which makes it the first choice for storing large amounts of data in modern electronic devices. The flash chip's cells are arranged in a grid that has a transistor at each intersection. The foremost advantage of EEPROM is that it can be reprogrammed multiple times without replacing the chip. So, in most microcontrollers, NOR Flash is used as program memory. It is a close relative to the EEPROM; it differs in that erase operations must be done on a block basis, and its capacity is substantially larger than that of an EEPROM. It is a non-volatile memory chip used for storage and for transferring data between a PC and other digital devices. Density and Capacity Nov 3, 2021 · EEPROM vs Flash The difference between EEPROM and flash memory is that EEPROM is a kind of flash that uses NOR-type logic gates to store data. NOR flash provides high-speed random access Professional serial memory programmer for I2C, SPI, uWire and 1-wire devices. UVROM and more. It evolved from an earlier technology called EEPROM but was designed to be more practical and efficient for use in portable devices, like USB drives, memory cards, and solid-state drives (SSDs). EEPROM generally offers excellent capabilities and performance. How Does EEPROM Work in the ECU? Apr 26, 2021 · When building advanced applications, a deeper understanding of Arduino memory can go a long way to help make the most of our beloved microcontrollers! Apr 22, 2025 · EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory that allows for repeated erasure and reprogramming, making it Guide to quickly program I2C and SPI Flash and EEPROM memory with a Total Phase host adapter and the Flash Center Software. Memories include Flash, EEPROM, SRAM, their usage, sizes in Arduino Boards. This guide explains the different types of Arduino memory and how to use them most effectively. Its ability to retain data without constant power makes it Mar 27, 2025 · EEPROM and NOR Flash are non-volatile memories with distinct features. 3. D130), so 1/10th that of EEPROM, has no guidance for refreshing? Sep 26, 2025 · Flash Memory Flash memory is a modern type of EEPROM, which supports faster reading and writing of data. In order to change a single bit from 0 to 1, an entire sector must be copied into memory, erased (changing all bits to 1), then rewritten. Cost Memory costs can impact the overall cost of an embedded system. But I think I have never written on the EEPROM. From memory management techniques to advanced flash memory and EEPROM driver implementation, you will develop the skills and knowledge required to build robust and reliable memory storage systems. Understand their characteristics Mar 3, 2023 · The ESP32 microcontroller has a Flash memory area that can be interfaced with like the EEPROM of an Arduino to keep data in memory even after the board is turned off. Most EEPROMs have one MOS transistor for every eight FGTs. As an embedded software engineer, you must be aware of the differences between them and understand how to use each type effectively. ROM operation can only one time write and many times read and we can't erase it. Both memories are used for permanent data storage, as the data saved in EEPROM or FLASH doesn’t get lost when the microcontroller loses power or goes into a hard reset. Compared to EEPROM Oct 24, 2024 · In the world of digital memory, understanding the nuances between different types of memory storage is crucial, especially in applications ranging from consumer electronics to automotive systems. 1. DRAM offers a lower cost-per-byte, making it suitable for systems requiring large amounts of memory. EEPROM or E2PROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is a type of non-volatile memory. Because the FTM allows the partitioning of EEPROM Nov 5, 2024 · Furthermore, EEPROM ensures that data crucial for diagnostics and maintenance is preserved, enabling technicians to quickly troubleshoot and resolve issues. Would there be any disadvantages (power consumption, space, speed, etc. Apr 11, 2025 · Comparing Electrically Erasable ROM with Flash Memory: Key Differences In the world of digital electronics, memory technology plays a crucial role in data storage and retrieval. It is also employed when code updates are few, as opposed to flash memory, which excels in systems where code changes occur often. Let’s take a look at each one and try to understand their basics. EEPROM, or Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, has a different purpose. In general flash is quicker to read from, the both take a bit of time to write to. May 1, 2001 · SRAM or DRAM? EEPROM or flash? What types of memory will you use in your next embedded systems design? Many types of memory devices are available for use in modern computer systems. It returns EEPROM_OK if the operation is successful, EEPROM_ERROR if there is an error, and EEPROM_OVERFLOW if the total data size exceeds 32 bits. Like EPROMs, an EEPROM device is programmed by applying a high voltage to the control gate. In this article, we will learn about the built-in memory blocks of the Arduino prototyping platform. Hence, the usage of emulated EEPROM should be considered as last resort and dealt with it carefully. Dec 21, 2023 · Electrical storage devices like EEPROM and Flash are both a part of ROM. EEPROM is essentially an updated version of EPROM technology -- the key difference is that EEPROM chips are electrically erasable. Data Retention Data retention is the ability of memory to maintain stored data Nov 9, 2012 · Grumpy_Mike November 9, 2012, 4:59pm 2 In the arduino flash memory is the place where the program is stored and EEPROM is just for non volatile data. Flash EEPROM is expected to be a very promising device for a large nonvolatile memory market. Generally, SRAM is the most expensive per byte, followed by EEPROM and flash memory. g. Flash can store more data with a higher data density than EEPROM and has a simpler circuit. 5. EEPROMs are organized as This page outlines the key differences between various types of Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), specifically EPROM, Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM), and Flash EPROM. . ) on using flash instead of normal EEPROM? EEPROM and Flash memory both offer non-volatile storage, but they differ in their architecture and use cases. How Flash memory works and How EEPROM Works also we clearly explained in this Video . But that is getting into the weeds. Jul 4, 2022 · Delve into the world of microcontroller code memory types, including ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash, OTP, FRAM. As such, flash drives based on this technology can store many gigabytes of data on a USB stick smaller than your thumb, which is how they earned the name “thumb drives. In EEPROM we can write and program the IC for many times and these are acting as EPROM (UV erasable programming ROM). It is a non-volatile flash memory device, that is, stored information is retained when the power is removed. In many ways, flash products are seen as the successor to modern EEPROM, which in turn gradually replaced the older EPROM standard starting in the 1980s. The advantage of flash memory is much higher density than EEPROM. what will happen after Erasing the Flash May 20, 2025 · EEPROM is a non-volatile memory chip used in embedded systems, consumer electronics, automotive tech, medical devices, and computer peripherals. EEPROM vs EPROM vs Flash Memory EEPROM, EPROM, and flash memory are all types of non-volatile memory used in electronic devices and computer systems. Aug 15, 2024 · Flash Memory, as the name implies, is a non-volatile storage technology that can quickly erase and store data. The ‘EEPROM. Jun 26, 2019 · Memory types Thus they include the following SRAM DRAM Masked ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM flash memory and NVRAM You can look at this article to learn more about primary and secondary memories. Why is this used instead of 0? For example an address, say 0th address (first byte of memory), if not written to by the user, always stores 0xff and Oct 21, 2022 · EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory EPROM replaced ROM and PROM. Jul 12, 2015 · 19 I have used non volatile memory, like EEPROM and FLASH memory, in embedded applications and I have always found that unused memory (EEPROM/FLASH) bit locations are always set to 1 by default. To better protect your privacy Flash vs. While both are used to store data without the need for constant power, they have distinct characteristics that make them suitable for different purposes. May 21, 2021 · In flash memory, all the memory information is stacked in blocks, and each block then stored in multiple pages. Difference between emulated EEPROM and real EEPROM: As you can see, the endurance is way less compared to EEPROM. This article is going to talk about more differences between the EEPROM and Flash. The FGT holds the charge The major difference between EEPROM and Flash memory is that when Flash memory’s contents are erased, the entire device is erased, in contrast to EEPROM, where one can erase the desired byte. It retains data without power, supports frequent updates, and is highly reliable and compact. A major difference in comparing EEPROM vs. It is Commonly used in ECU's for storing Software Code and Calibration data The ECU firmware or program code is stored in flash memory Flash memory can also be used to store data, such Jul 12, 2025 · Conclusion EPROM and EEPROM were made to fix problems with older types of memory called ROM and PROM. We will also discuss the architecture Understand the differences between RAM, ROM, SRAM, DRAM, EEPROM, NAND, and NOR. Understanding the differences between EEPROM and flash memory is Nov 16, 2023 · We compared Flash Memory data storage &C EEPROM, addressing common questions surrounding their use in various industrial applications. 3V and 5V power supply. This function is essential for reading previously stored data, allowing applications to access configurations, settings, or other important information that needs to persist across power cycles. Sector sizes vary from hundreds of bytes to mega bytes. If you need to store a lot of data you are limited to flash memory. 8V, 2. The main difference between EPROM and EEPROM is how you erase them. Which was the previous technology in this area. What is an EEPROM? EEPROM stands for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. Dec 12, 2023 · EEPROM is interesting, but the real meat and potatoes of a product tends to be code, and code in external flash is ripe for extraction. EEPROM Library To read and write from the ESP32 flash memory using Arduino IDE, we’ll be using the EEPROM library. Apr 18, 2013 · In an EEPROM, which can be frequently reprogrammed while the computer is in use, the lifetime of the EEPROM is an important design consideration. Oct 14, 2024 · Flash Memory: This is where your Arduino sketch is stored when you upload it via the IDE. Flash memory is based on a similar technology, but unlike EEPROM, it must be erased in large blocks before it can be reprogrammed. Aug 19, 2023 · Flash Memory Flash memory is a type of electronically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), but it can also be a standalone memory storage device such as a USB drive. EEPROM in contrast is slower, more durable, and performs byte-by-byte operations. 5V, 3. A special form of EEPROM is flash memory, and its application is usually the voltage in personal computers to erase and reprogram. In our discussion, we will approach these devices from the software developer's They have very different modes of operation and usage cases. Flash memory uses a single regular MOS transistor to erase an entire block of FGTs. However, EEPROM still offers some valuable features in several specific Aug 10, 2023 · Hybrid memory devices, such as EEPROM and flash memory, offer more flexibility with electrically erasable and programmable features. EEPROM offers byte-level flexibility and high endurance for frequent small updates, while NOR Flash provides fast read speeds and larger storage capacities for code execution, making each suitable for different embedded system needs. After about 30 years of continued use, EPROMs were eventually replaced by electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and flash memory. flash memory is how admins manage them. Flash memory, or flash storage, is non-volatile, which means it remains viable even without an active power source. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. They are both used in a wide variety of applications, from simple data storage in consumer devices to more complex roles in various May 28, 2021 · Flash memory is a type of erasable read-only memory (EEPROM) that clears and rewrites data in chunks for fast, energy-efficient access and rewriting. Jun 28, 2023 · What is flash memory? Flash memory, also known as flash storage, is a type of nonvolatile memory that erases data in units called blocks and rewrites data at the byte level. Flash memory devices use two different technologies—NOR and NAND—to map data. Oct 18, 2021 · EEPROM can be rewritten byte-by-byte, making it ideal for storing small amounts of data. EEPROM stands for Electrical Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. ”Taking this compact design even further, micro SD cards are roughly the size of a thumbnail and can commonly store tens or The main read only memory devices are listed below: ROM (Mask Programmable ROM—also called “MROMs”) EPROM (UV Erasable Programmable ROM) OTP (One Time Programmable EPROM) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable ROM) Flash Memory - This device is covered in Section 10. Flash Flash memory is a type of EEPROM that supports much larger storage capacities. Learn about these two types of memory and the differences between them. Flash is ideal for bulk operations and firmware storage, while EEPROM is better for small, precise writes and data retention. Many new designs of flash memory offer high endurance, i. It is used in computers, usually integrated in microcontrollers such as smart card s and remote keyless system s, or as a separate chip device, to store relatively small amounts of data by allowing individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed. Nov 5, 2024 · NOR flash is designed for high-density storage and can handle larger data volumes efficiently. EEPROM is accessible per byte, while Flash is accessed by block. Oct 8, 2022 · In this tutorial, we will learn about the basics of computer memory, its operation and types. EEPROM allows for byte-level read and write operations, making it suitable for applications requiring frequent small updates. In an age where vehicles are becoming increasingly complex and interconnected, having a stable, non-volatile memory system like EEPROM is indispensable. That means it holds onto data even when the power is turned off. Data can be read from flash as many times as you want, but most devices are designed for about 100,000 to 1,000,000 write operations. The big plus of EPROM and EEPROM is that you can erase and rewrite them. Identical in structure to EEPROM, flash memory chips use normal PC voltages for erasure and reprogramming. com We respects your privacy and takes your online safety seriously. In flash memory, due to its block-like architecture, erase can only be done at the block level, and read or write can be done at block, page, or byte-level based upon the type of gate used. ESP32 EEPROM An EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) is a type of NVM (Non-Volatile Memory) just like FLASH. Nov 28, 2024 · Choose the ideal memory for your embedded system: Flash or EEPROM? Understand their differences and make the right decision today. However, they differ significantly in their architecture, operation, and typical use cases. Flash memory comes mostly in two flavors: Aug 17, 2023 · EEPROM, pronounced as Double-E-PROM, stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. And understand what are the different types of memory on Microcontroller such as Flash, EEPROM, RAM, their size and purpose. Feb 4, 2020 · This means I write the flash memory every time I upload a program into the microcontroller. Vincent19 November 9, 2012, 5:05pm 3 Jun 17, 2023 · In this Video , we cover about the Basics of Flash and EEPROM . Jul 17, 2023 · In summary, the key differences between Eeprom and flash memory lie in their programming capabilities, data retention, and storage efficiency. Jan 24, 2024 · Nor Flash and EEPROM each have unique advantages and application scenarios. SRAM, DRAM) memory which loses its information when powered down. Terms of useThank you for accessing the website of IC-Components. This block-based operation allows for faster write speeds and makes it suitable for applications that require frequent data updates or storage of large amounts of data. in SPD implementations on computer-memory modules May 20, 2025 · Flash memory is generally faster than EEPROM for writing and reading large data sets due to its block-based architecture. Among the various types of memory, Electrically Erasable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) and Flash Memory are two widely used non-volatile memory technologies. Dec 4, 2024 · In the world of digital storage and memory technology, EEPROM and flash memory are two types of non-volatile storage devices commonly used in various electronic applications. Through real-world case studies and hands-on exercises, you will gain the confidence to implement memory storage systems and troubleshoot common issues. Non-Volatile Memory: Flash & FRAM Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) retains its information, even when power is removed. Flash memory, when written, can only change bits from 1 to 0. These are all re-programmable memory types commonly used in processor-based systems. This article covers these different kinds of microcontroller memory components. For EEPROM, you use electricity. a Double-EPROM, Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) a. kwsei muhkjx jfanhpe jjkrl gjgv aphcgq jscn hhr busq fabl rlbesp xnxz kvmnw vlhrvvw fsebftd